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Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Other casinos include Helios Metropol, Olympic, Bon Venon, and Sherry. The locality eventually disappeared during the when emerged.

As the financial capital of the , Skopje is the seat of the , of the and of most of the Macedonian banking, insurance and telecommunication companies, such as , and. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the. Retrieved 6 October 2012.



On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under rule from. During much of the period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the , whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282, the town was part of the and acted as its capital city from 1346 to 1371. In 1392, the city was conquered by the who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Turkish control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the. In 1912, it was annexed by the during the. During the First World War the city was seized by the Bulgarian Kingdom, and after this war, it became part of the newly formed becoming the capital of the. In the Second World War the city was conquered by the , which was part of the. In 1944, it became the capital city of later , which was a federal state, part of later. The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a. In 1991, it became the capital city of an independent Macedonia. Skopje is located on the upper course of the , and is located on a major north-south route between and. It is a center for metal-processing, chemical, timber, textile, leather, and printing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official count from 2002, Skopje has a population of 506,926 inhabitants; according to official estimates, the city has a population of 544,086 inhabitants, as of June 30, 2015. Topography Skopje is located in the north of the , in the center of the , and halfway between and. The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the river, which flows into the in. The valley is approximately 20 kilometres 12 miles wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the North and South. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava, a small river which comes from the North. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 kilometres 21 miles , but it is only 10 kilometres 6. Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci. Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571. The urbanised area only covers 337 km 2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare. Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including , and Bardovci. According to the 2002 census, the City of Skopje comprised 506,926 inhabitants. The City of Skopje reaches the border to the North-East. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the Macedonian municipalities of , , , , , , and. The and the , symbol of the city. The river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 kilometres 37 miles from its source near. The water temperature is comprised between 4. The main river running through the center of Skopje c. The largest is the , which is 130 kilometres 81 miles long. It crosses the before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The , coming from , flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the until the 1960s, when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of. Finally, the Markova Reka, the source of which is on Mount , meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 kilometres 43 miles long. The and the , on the western edge of the City of Skopje. The city of Skopje comprises two artificial lakes, located on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purpose in 1978. Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci, on the northeastern edge of the urban area. Several works have been carried since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero. The subsoil contains a large which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an contained in. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a spring in Rašče, located west of the city. The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the , on the South by the range, on the East by hills belonging to the range, and on the North by the. Mount , the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the range. Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill 325 m , Zajčev Rid 327 m , the foothills of Mount Vodno the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high and the promontory on which is built. A cave at the. The Skopje valley is located near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian and experiences regular seismic activity. This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil. Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1505 and 1963. The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of and deposits. The substratum is made of deposits including , and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt and gravel, carried by the river. It is between 1. In some areas, the subsoil is. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the , which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep. Climate Skopje, Macedonia Climate chart J F M A M J J A S O N D 34 Average max. Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced of the mountains to the northwest, being only a quarter of what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 31 °C 88 °F. On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C 86 °F each year, and 10. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C 88 °F and sometimes above 40 °C 104 °F. In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C 59 to 75 °F. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June. Climate data for Skopje International Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 18. The cable car cables are also visible. The city of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the. The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park Gradski Park , built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, located in front of the Parliament; the University arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees. Skopje experiences many environmental issues which are often overshadowed by the economic poverty of the country. However, alignment of Macedonian law on European law has brought progress in some fields, such as water and waste treatment, and industrial emissions. Steel processing, which a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as , and , and air pollution with and. Vehicle traffic and plants are also responsible for air pollution. The highest pollution levels usually occur in autumn and winter. Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the. Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, located 15 kilometres 9. Every day, it receives 1,500 m 3 of domestic waste and 400 m 3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of the , and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents. Industrial areas The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26th of July which destroyed 80% of the city and by the reconstruction that followed. For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes. Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect , who had already planned the reconstruction of after. Ciborowski divided the city in blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the river became natural areas and parks, areas located between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping malls, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry. Reconstruction had to be quick in order to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated. Skopje as seen by the. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture. The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect. On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian academy, were also relocated on the north bank in order to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. Indeed, the north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank. The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman , and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a but grey city. At the end of the , the city center experienced profound changes. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticised because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics. The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments, and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separate the city centre from the. Some areas of Skopje suffer from a certain anarchy because many houses and buildings were built without consent from the local authorities. Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as Singeliḱ, located on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and , which has almost 20,000 inhabitants. Other large settlements are located north of the city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants, whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in , which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje. Some localities located outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in and. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways and the , located in Petrovec. Urban sociology Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground. Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging. Each ethnic group generally restrict itself to certain areas of the city. Macedonians live south of the , in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life. The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for , in , and for , which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from a generation to the other. Topaana, located close to the , is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, located on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its own, with as its local official language. It was developed after the to accommodate Roma who had lost their house. The varies greatly from an area to the other. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19. In , the average was at 13 square metres 140 square feet. See also: The current name of the city comes from , which was the name of the settlement and later of the located nearby, which derives from : Σκοῦποι, Skoupoi. The meaning of that name is unknown, but probably derives from the Greek ἐπίσκοπος - episkopos , i. After , Scupi was occupied by various people and consequently its name was translated several times in several languages. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the. Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the. Archeological research suggest that the settlement always belonged to a same culture, which progressively evolved thanks to contacts with and cultures, and later with the. The locality eventually disappeared during the when emerged. It was located on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 kilometres 3. Located at the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between and , it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known. The earliest people in Skopje Valley were probably the. Later the area was populated by the. Scupi was originally a settlement, but it became afterwards town. The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of , and it seems most likely that Dardania lost independence in 28 BC. Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the in the time of 81—96 AD. However, several legions from the of ' army may already have been stationed in there around 29—28 BC, before the official imperial command was instituted. The first mention of the city was made at that period by , who died in 17 AD. Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of during 's rule. After the division of the province by in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status, and became a seat of government within the new province of. The district called within Moesia Superior was formed into a special province by Diocletian, with the capital at. In Roman times the eastern part of Dardania, from Scupi to Naissus, remained inhabited mostly by a local population, mainly from origin. The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from , while many veterans were from , South and. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of , which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities. During the following centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing. A first church was founded under the reign of and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following the division of the in two, Scupi became part of the. In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3. It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae, and a large Christian basilica. Middle Ages First celebration of the in Skopje, 1909 In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake, possibly the most devastating one Macedonia has ever experienced. At that time, the region was threatened by the , and the city inhabitants had already fled in forests and mountains before the disaster occurred. Scupi was eventually rebuilt by. During his reign, many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions. Scupi was thus transferred on another site: the promontory on which stands the. However, Scupi was sacked by at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 695. The Slavic tribe which settled in Scupi were probably the Berziti who had invaded the entire valley. The city is not mentioned during the three following centuries but along with the rest of Upper Vardar it became part of the expanding in the 830s. The coronation of emperor in Skopje, , 1926. Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and ruled it from 976 until 1004 when its governor Roman surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos. Later, Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore a Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under 's command, and in 1072 under the orders of. In 1081, Skopje was captured by troops led by and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later. However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from to the. In 1209 Strez switched allegiances and recognized with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first internationally recognized king. From 1214 to 1230 Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state before recaptured by and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state — the. Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young. Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Skopje and grandson to gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the deposed him. In 1282 Skopje was captured by Serbian king. Under the political stability of the rule, settlement has spread outside the walls of the fortress, towards Gazi Baba hill. Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from and opened shops. The town greatly benefited from its location near European, Middle Eastern, and African market. In the 14th century, Skopje became such an important city that king made it the capital of the. After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into several principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the and finally taken by in the wake of the 1371 before becoming part of the in 1392. Ottoman period The 15th-century. Skopje economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of. Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000 and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future , together with and. At that time, , which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants. Following the Ottoman conquest, the city population changed. Christians were forcibly converted to or were replaced by and. At that time, Christians of Skopje were mostly non converted and , but also and tradesmen. Ottoman Turks drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organised the with its , and. Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August, 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city The city severely suffered from the at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, Austrians seized Skopje which was already weakened by a epidemic. The same day, general set fire to the city to end the epidemic. It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Turks caused in. Skopje burned during two days. The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, Austrians left the country within the year and , leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans. Some were arrested by the Turks, such as , who was impaled on Skopje. After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new and epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Turkish outlaws, or. An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was largely overwhelmed by two towns of the present-day : 40,000 and 15—20,000. The , seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century. Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from and , which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time. During the reforms, arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new was established and its separate diocese was created, based on , rather than religious principles. The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the. Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje- railway in 1873. The train station was built south of the and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanised before. Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas Skopje was one of the five main centres of the when it organised the 1903. Its revolutionary network in Skopje region was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising the rebel forces derailed a military train. In the next few days the band was pursued by numerous and moved to Bulgaria. Cutlers in the around 1900. In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new , which encompassed present-day , northwestern Macedonia and the. In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by with its 30,000 inhabitants. Of the Skopje Muslim population of the late Ottoman period German linguist noted that though most were Albanians regarded as Turks or Ottomans Osmanli , they spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home. At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on , , , and wine and flour processing. Following the in 1908, the experienced democracy and several political parties were created. However, some of the policies implemented by the , such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later. From the Balkan Wars to present day Following an alliance contracted in 1912, , and declared war on the. Their goal was to definitely expel Turks from Europe. The started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. The Turkish forces had left the city the day before. The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of many Turks: 725 Turkish families left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities. Serbia, allied to the , was helped by , , , and , which formed the. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise. A mostly foreign ruling class gained control, imposing a repression unknown under the previous Turkish rulers. The policies of de-Bulgarisation and assimilation were pursued. At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development. In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the of the. Until the , Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941. Although located in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernisation of the city. In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Macedonia. The national theatre and the fortress around 1920. In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by. Germans seized Skopje 8 April and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941. To ensure bulgarisation of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches and opened new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University. The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to where almost all of them died. A view of Stone Bridge, Skopje. Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by units of the , together with units of the newly allied Bulgaria having switched sides in the war. After , Skopje greatly benefited from policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a national philharmonic orchestra, a university and the Macedonian Academy. However, its post-war development was altered by the which occurred 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the. The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed. American soldiers in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. After the earthquake, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with. Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted. Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981. However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Main articles: and The is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used. The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the with the river, the and the snow-capped peaks of the. Greater Skopje among the. Being the capital and largest city of the , Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all the. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities. The City of Skopje is part of , which has no political or administrative power. City Council The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the City and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development. The President of the Council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2017 the president has been Ljubica Jancheva, member of. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and he can submit ideas to the Council. He manages the administrative bodies and their officials. Municipalities Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five: , , , and. After the independence of the , power was centralised and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: and. After the in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, separated itself from Kisela Voda, and from Čair. Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments education, culture, finances... The mayor primarily deals with these departments. Name Size Population 2002 Population est. Skopje is a medium city at European level. Being the capital and largest city in the , Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The , which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45,5% of the Macedonian. In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to 6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita. This figure is however smaller than the one of USD 10,106 , USD 10,048 or USD 7,983 , but higher than the one of USD 4,126. Because there are no other large cities in the , and because of political and economical centralisation, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages , not only from Macedonia, but also from , and Southern. Firms and activities In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small 12,017 or very small 13,625. A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods 9,758 , 3,839 are specialised in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers. Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance. The city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city GDP. Most of the industrial areas are located in , on the major routes and rail lines to and. Notably, the and Makstil steel plants are located there, and also the Skopje Brewery. Other zones are located between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje pharmaceuticals , Rade Končar electrical supplies , , and Ohis fertilisers. Two also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as , and. As the financial capital of the , Skopje is the seat of the , of the and of most of the Macedonian banking, insurance and telecommunication companies, such as , and. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP. They are both considered as local institutions. However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernised and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping malls. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people. Mall in Skopje Employment 51% of Skopje active population is employed in small firms. The unemployment rate for the was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate 30%. The neighbouring had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the , with 22%. Unemployment in Skopje mainly concern men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old 45% of job-seekers , and non-qualified people 43%. Unemployment also concerns , who represent 4. Unemployment concerns 70% of the active population in the community. People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the city. The City of Skopje had 506,926 inhabitants within its administrative limits in 2002. Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the , including , and , and totaling more than one million inhabitants. Skopje concentrates a third of Macedonia's population and other Macedonian towns are much smaller. The second most populous municipality, , had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011, and an of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002. Before the and the , Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the , with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants. After the fire, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836. However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905. In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest growing cities in and it has 448,200 inhabitants in 1971. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace. Ethnic groups Ethnic composition in % 2002 Group Skopje Macedonia 66. The city is located in a region where Ethnic Albanians and Macedonians meet, and it welcomed Romani, Turks, Jews and Serbs throughout its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century, when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2002 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 338,358 inhabitants, or 66. Then came Albanians with 103,891 inhabitants 20. Ethnic Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of , , , and , which are all located south of the. They also form a majority in and which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in which roughly corresponds to the , and in. They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba. When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari. The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language. Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds. The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population. Religion The church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Vlachs are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the ; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable Albanian minority, into which was born; the Roma Gypsies represent a mixture in almost equal numbers of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage. According to the 2002 census, 68. The city also had Catholic 0. The Catholics are served by the Latin , in which is also vested the. Until , Skopje had a significant minority which mainly descended from Spanish who had escaped the. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 representing about 3% of the city population , but most of them were deported and killed by. After the war, most of the survivors settled in. Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants about 0. Because of its Ottoman past, Skopje has more than. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built. Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organisations, such as the and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several , a Roman Catholic cathedral and a. Health Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialised medical institutions, such as the , a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases. In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251. The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje. The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8. The infant mortality rate was at 6. Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. For one, 16% of Skopjans graduated university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools. The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is , founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students. After the declaration of independence for the in 1991, several private universities were brought to existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are currently with 7 departments and with 9 departments respectively. Skopje is the largest media center in Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily , founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one third of its capital, as well as , reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik 30,000 copies , Vest 25,000 copies and 15,000 copies. Magazines Fokus 12,000 copies , Start 10,000 copies , and Denes 7,500 copies also have their headquarters in Skopje. The city is home of the studios of , the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours at day. The most popular private television stations are. MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje. Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, as the , and private, such as the. Main article: As the capital and largest city of Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 5 000 people and the court of Jane Sandanski, 4000 people. The largest stadium remains the. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 32,580 seats, and a health spa and fitness. The is the largest sports complex in the country. It was opened in 2008 and named after president , who died in 2004. It includes room dedicated to handball, basketball and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people. Their workouts are held at Philip II Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: , , , , and , who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams and. Handball is illustrated by and , also the women's team and. The city co-hosted the together with. Skopje is located near three other capital cities, 87 kilometres 54 miles away , 291 km and 245 km. Skopje is also at the crossroad of two : , which runs between and , and , which runs from the in to the in. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia. Corridor X locally corresponds to the , which is the longest Macedonian highway. It also corresponds to the - railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the -Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is located some 20 kilometres 12 miles east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimised, especially with. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje. The first highways were built during Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the to, what was then, Yugoslav capital to North, and Greek border to South. Rail and coach stations Main railway station as seen from Mount. The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the - and Skopje- international lines. After the completion of the railway scheduled for 2022, the city will also be linked to and. Daily trains also link Skopje with other Macedonian towns, such as , , , or. Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Gjorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only. Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day. Coach connections to and from Skopje are much more efficient and diverse than train connections. Indeed, it is regularly linked to many Macedonian localities and foreign cities including , , , and. Public transport A red double-decker bus in Skopje. Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city. Many of the JSP vehicles are red built by Chinese bus manufacturer and designed to resemble the classic British. A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019. A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre. Airport The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier introduced a route linking the city with the capital,. A year later the route was extended to in Greece, and further extended to Greek capital in 1933. In 1935 Aeroput linked Skopje with and , and also operated a longer international route linking and through , Belgrade and Skopje. After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by , which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Nowadays, located in , some 20 kilometres 12 miles east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year. The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014. Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including , , , , and. It also maintains a direct connection with and. Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Being the capital of the , Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the , the , the National Theatre, the National Philarmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to and young talents. Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a , a , an , an. The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet 800 seats , the National Theatre 724 , and the Drama Theatre 333. Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction. The largest museum in Skopje is the which details the history of the country. Its and lapidary collections are particularly rich. The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in Macedonia, dating from to the Ottoman period. The exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former of the. The was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by , , , , , , , and. The is located inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history. The was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptised. The is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items while the 12-ha is home to 300 animals. Architecture Ruins of Roman. Although Skopje has been destroyed many times through its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist. Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Neolithic site. On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient , with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica. The , located between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century. It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches located around the city illustrate the which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around St Nicholas, St Andrew and Matka churches. The in dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the. Aladža Mosque and its türbe. Examples of are located in the. There entrance is usually emphasised by a portico, as on , dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining. Other Turkish public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a , three , two and the , first mentioned in 1469. The oldest churches in the city centre, the and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques. In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by. Main post office and the Communication Centre. After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernised. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926. Architecture of that time is very similar to the one of , but some buildings are more creative, such as the Arab House and the train station, both built in 1938. However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of city centre was partially planned by Japanese who designed the new train station. Macedonian architects also took part to the reconstruction: designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office 1974—1989. These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by. Archeological Museum of Macedonia. The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary aesthetics. Also, the government has been criticised for its cost and for the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials. However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a , which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch, and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space. Festivals The has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, , , , and. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July. The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the IFEA and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the , , , The Theatre of Shadows, , and. May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theater festival that takes place each year at the end of month September, the Young Open Theater Festival MOT , which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center — Skopje. More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International theater festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM. Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute ITI was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theater association. The festival has an international character, always representing theaters from all over the world that present and enhance exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant guard theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other. The is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world. Nightlife Panorama of Skopje at night. Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels, such as that of the Holiday Inn. Other casinos include Helios Metropol, Olympic, Bon Venon, and Sherry. Among young people the most popular destinations are bars, discos, and nightclubs which can be found in the center and the City Park. Among the most popular nightclubs are Midnight, Hard Rock, Maracana, B2, Havana and Colosseum where world-famous disc jockeys and idiosyncratic local performances are frequent. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the and. For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the where traditional is served and traditional is played, but , particularly is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines. 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Skopje is not solo on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Девојката од другата страна на линијата детално ти објаснува какви масажи се нудат — класик ти е голо тело на голо тело, хепи аур ти е рачно или орално или комплет услуга, па ако сакаш со две. Кога зборувате со девојките, прво ве прашуваат од каде се јавувате и ви даваат објаснување дека вакви и слични услуги тие нудат и во други градови од земјата. And, several legions from the of ' army may already have been stationed in there around 29—28 BC, before the official erotski masazi skopje wikipedia command was instituted. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. Because of its Ottoman past, Skopje has more than. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. When the was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under rule from. MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a print.